python中，所有東西都是物件，每個物件都有他自己的型別(type)。
# parent class / base class
class Transportation:
def __init__(self):
self.exterior = "white"
def drive(self):
print("drive method is called.")
# child class / deroved class
class Car(Transportation):
def move(self):
print("move is method called.")
# child class / deroved class
class Airplane(Transportation):
def fly(self):
print("fly method is called.")
toyota = Car()
toyota.drive() # drive method is called.
print(toyota.exterior) # white
isinstance( )與type( )區別：
type( )不會認為子類是一種父類類型，不考慮繼承關係。
isinstance( )會認為子類是一種父類類型，考慮繼承關係。
如果要判斷兩個類型是否相同推薦使用isinstance( )。
print(isinstance(toyota, Car)) # True
print(isinstance(toyota, Transportation)) # True
print(type(toyota)) # <class '__main__.toyota'>
print(type(Car)) # <class 'type'>
class是type的實例，type 可以創造出 class 的實例，也就是說 type 本身的型別就是type。
# class SportsCar(Transportation)
# pass
SportsCar = type( 'SportsCar', (Transportation,), {})
car = SportsCar()
print(type(car)) # <class '__main__.SportsCar'>
type是object的實例
print(isinstance(Car, type)) # True
print(isinstance(type, object)) # True
print(isinstance(Car, object)) # True
object( ) -> type( ) -> class( ) - >toyota( )